Notice No : SICE/SE/002
Date : 17/09/2021
It is hereby informed to all the students who have applied for Semester Examination September 2021, that the Semester Examination will be held as per below schedule.
The Admit Card for Semester Examination can be downloaded 20/09/2021. The Examination Time as per the allotment on the Admit Card
OPERATORS
Generally an operator is a symbol that operates shortens values of variables of same data types and produced a result. An operator operates on variables and perform and action in a program. There are three types of operators as below.
Unary Operator
The operators which have only one operand are called Unary Operator. The Unary Operators are:
Increment and decrement operators are unary operators that add or subtract one from their operand, respectively. The increment operator and decrement operators manifest in to two forms as Postfix and Prefix.
[Here C is deem as a variable]
Example: If a=5, b=a++ then b=5 and a=6 , If a=5, b=a– then b=5 and a=4
[Here C is deem as a variable]
Example: If a=5, b=++a then b=6 and a=6, If a=5, b=–a then b=4 and a=4
Binary Operator
In mathematics, a binary operation is a calculation involving two operands, so operator which have two operands are called Binary operator. All arithmetical, relational, assignment, logical and bitwise operators are Binary.
Table 1: List of Binary Operators
Sl. No. | Category | Operator | Operation/ Meaning |
1 | Mathematical | + | Addition |
2 | Mathematical | – | Subtraction |
3 | Mathematical | * | Multiplication |
4 | Mathematical | / | Division |
5 | Mathematical | % | Reminder |
6 | Relational | > | Greater than |
7 | Relational | < | Less than |
8 | Relational | >= | Greater than equal to |
9 | Relational | <= | Less than equal to |
10 | Relational | == | Equal to |
11 | Relational | != | Not equal to |
12 | Bitwise | & | Bitwise And |
13 | Bitwise | | | Bitwise OR |
14 | Bitwise | ^ | Bitwise exclusive OR |
15 | Bitwise | << | Left shift |
16 | Bitwise | >> | Right shift |
17 | Bitwise | ~ | Bitwise complement |
18 | Assignment | += | Addition with assignment |
19 | Assignment | -= | Subtraction with assignment |
20 | Assignment | *= | Multiplication with assignment |
21 | Assignment | /= | Division with assignment |
22 | Assignment | %= | Reminder with assignment |
23 | Logical | && | Logical And |
24 | Logical | || | Logical OR |
25 | Logical | !! | Logical NOT |
Ternary Operator
The operator which have three operands are called Ternary operator. The ternary operator “?:” earns its name because it’s the only operator to take three operands. It is a conditional operator that provides a shorter syntax for the if..then..else statement. The three parts of it’s are Expression, True part and False Part.
Syntax : Condition ? Expression1 : Expression2
Example : x>y ? g=x : g=y;
Or : g=x>y ? x : y;
The kind of data that the variable may hold in a programming language is referred to as data types. C provides two types of data:
Primary Data type:
TYPE | SIZE (Bits) | Range |
Char or Signed Char | 8 | -128 to 127 |
Unsigned Char | 8 | 0 to 255 |
Int or Signed int | 16 | -32768 to 32767 |
Unsigned int | 16 | 0 to 65535 |
Short int or Signed short int | 8 | -128 to 127 |
Unsigned short int | 8 | 0 to 255 |
Long int or signed long int | 32 | -2147483648 to 2147483647 |
Unsigned long int | 32 | 0 to 4294967295 |
Float | 32 | 3.4 e-38 to 3.4 e+38 |
Double | 64 | 1.7e-308 to 1.7e+308 |
Long Double | 80 | 3.4 e-4932 to 3.4 e+4932 |
Secondary Data type:
In a program, a name May be assigned to a data item. If it remains the same, throughout the program execution, then we say that the value of name is a constant. Thus, constant (literals) is a value, written into a program instruction that does not change during the execution of a program. There are three types of constants as below:
String Constant
A string constant or literal is a sequence of alphanumeric characters enclosed in double quotation marks the maximum length of a string constant is limited to 255 characters. Each string constant is automatically added with a terminating character ‘\0’.Thus the string “abc” will actually be represented as “abc\0” in the memory and its size is 4 characters.
Numeric Constant
Numeric constant has a constant value in number. The value of the constant can be positive or negative. There are 4 types of numeric constants as follows.
Character Constant
Character constant is either a single alphabet or a single digit or a single special symbol enclosed within a pair of single quotation mark, such as ‘A’, ‘a’, ‘.’, ‘?’.
IDENTIFIERS
Identifiers are refers to the names of variables, functions and arrays. Identifiers are also the names of objects, which can take different values but only one value at a time. Once a value is assigned to an identifier, it cannot be changed during the execution of the program.
A quantity or value which may vary during processing of C programming procedure is called variable. Variable is a name that C language compiler associates with a storage location in the main memory of the computer. Variable holds data that can be modified during program execution. After you declare a variable in a program, you can assign it a value. A variable is an identifier that is used to represent some specified type of information within a designated portion of a program.
Rules for Naming a Variable
Keywords are the basic building blocks for programming statement. These are the words whose meaning has already been explained to the C compiler. Keywords also known as reserve words whose meaning cannot change. All keywords written in lower case and cannot be used as a variable names. There are 32 keywords available in C as listed below:
1. auto
2. break
3. case
4. char
5. const
6. continue
7. default
8. do
9. double
10. else
11. enum
12. extern
13. float
14. for
15. goto
16. if
17. int
18. long
19. register
20. return
21. short
22. signed
23. sizeof
24. static
25. struct
26. switch
27. typedef
28. union
29. unsigned
30. void
31. volatile
32. while
It is hereby inform to all the present student and pass-out students that , the Ganesh Puja Meeting is arranged on Dt. – 05/09/2021 at 10:00 AM. It is requested to all the students to join on the meeting and present there ideas for making a grand celebration.
Thank you
Arranged By : SICE Students
Managed By : SICE
SL NO | Shortcut | Description |
| ||
1. | Select all contents of the page. | |
2. | Bold highlighted selection. | |
3. | Copy selected text. | |
4. | Open the font preferences window. | |
5. | Aligns the line or selected text to the center of the screen. | |
6. | Open find box. | |
| Italic highlighted selection. | |
| Aligns the selected text or line to justify the screen. | |
| Insert a hyperlink. | |
| Aligns the line or selected text to the left of the screen. | |
| Indent the paragraph. | |
| Opens new, blank document window. | |
| Opens the dialog box or page for selecting a file to open. | |
| Open the print window. | |
| Aligns the line or selected text to the right of the screen. | |
| Save the open document. Like Shift+F12. | |
| Alt+F, A | Save the document under a different file name. |
| Show the Unicode code of a highlighted character. | |
| Create a hanging indent. | |
| Underline the selected text. | |
| ||
| Close the currently open document. | |
| Cut selected text. | |
| Redo the last action performed. | |
| Undo last action. | |
| Ctrl+Shift+A | Sets the selected text to all capital letters. |
| Ctrl+Shift+D | Adds double underline to the selected text. |
| Ctrl+Shift+E | Enable or disable revision tracking. |
| Ctrl+Shift+F | Opens Font window to change the font. |
| Ctrl+Shift+L | Quickly create a bullet point. |
| Ctrl+Shift+> | Increase selected font +1pts up to 12pt and then increase font +2pts. |
| Ctrl+] | Increase selected font +1pts. |
| Ctrl+Shift+< | Decrease selected font -1pts if 12pt or lower; if above 12, decreases font by +2pt. |
| Ctrl+[ | Decrease selected font -1pts. |
| Ctrl+/+C | Insert a cent sign (¢). |
| Ctrl+’+<char> | Insert a character with an accent (acute) mark, where <char> is the character you want. For example, if you wanted an accented é you would use Ctrl+’+e as your shortcut key. To reverse the accent mark, use the opposite accent mark, often found on the tilde key. |
| Ctrl+Shift+* | View or hide non printing characters. |
| Ctrl+Left arrow | Moves one word to the left. |
| Ctrl+Right arrow | Moves one word to the right. |
| Ctrl+Up arrow | Moves to the beginning of the line or paragraph. |
| Ctrl+Down arrow | Moves to the end of the paragraph. |
| Ctrl+Del | Deletes word to right of cursor. |
| Ctrl+Backspace | Deletes word to left of cursor. |
| Moves the cursor to the end of the document. | |
| Moves the cursor to the beginning of the document. | |
| Reset highlighted text to the default font. | |
| Single-space lines. | |
| Double-space lines. | |
| 1.5-line spacing. | |
| Ctrl+= | Set selected text as subscript. |
| Set selected text as superscript. | |
| Ctrl+Alt+T | Insert trademark (TM) symbol. |
| Ctrl+Alt+1 | heading 1. |
| Ctrl+Alt+2 | heading 2. |
| Ctrl+Alt+3 | Changes text to heading 3. |
| Ctrl+Alt+F2 | Open new document. |
| Ctrl+F1 | Open the Task Pane. |
| Ctrl+F2 | Display the print preview. |
| Ctrl+Shift+> | Increases the font size of selected text by one point. |
| Ctrl+Shift+< | Decreases the font size of selected text by one point. |
| Ctrl+Shift+F6 | Switches to another open Microsoft Word document. |
| Ctrl+Shift+F12 | Prints the document. |
| Open help. | |
| Repeat the last action performed (Word 2000+). | |
| Open the Find, Replace, and Go To window in Microsoft Word. | |
| Spellcheck and grammar check selected text or document. | |
| ||
| Shift+F3 | Change the text in Microsoft Word from uppercase to lowercase or a capital letter at the beginning of every word. |
| Shift+F7 | Runs a Thesaurus check on the selected word. |
| Shift+F12 | Save the open document. Like Ctrl+S. |
| Shift+Enter | Create a soft break instead of a new paragraph. |
| Shift+Insert | |
| Shift+Alt+D | Insert the current date. |
| Shift+Alt+T | Insert the current time. |
How to Use Mail Merge in Microsoft Word
Mail Merge is most often used to print or email form letters to multiple recipients. Using Mail Merge, you can easily customize form letters for individual recipients. Mail merge is also used to create envelopes or labels in bulk.
This feature works the same in all modern versions of Microsoft Word: 2010, 2013, and 2016.
In a blank Microsoft Word document, click on the Mailings tab, and in the Start Mail Merge group, click Start Mail Merge.
Click Step-by-Step Mail Merge Wizard.
Select your document type. In this demo we will select Letters. Click Next: Starting document.
Select the starting document. In this demo we will use the current (blank) document.
Select Use the current document and then click Next: Select recipients.
Note that selecting Start from existing document (which we are not doing in this demo) changes the view and gives you the option to choose your document. After you choose it, the Mail Merge Wizard reverts to Use the current document.
Select recipients. In this demo we will create a new list, so select Type a new list and then click Create.
Create a list by adding data in the New Address List dialog box and clicking OK.
Save the list.
Note that now that a list has been created, the Mail Merge Wizard reverts to Use an existing list and you have the option to edit the recipient list.
Selecting Edit recipient list opens up the Mail Merge Recipients dialog box, where you can edit the list and select or unselect records. Click OK to accept the list as is.
Click Next: Write your letter.
Write the letter and add custom fields.
Click Address block to add the recipients’ addresses at the top of the document.
In the Insert Address Block dialog box, check or uncheck boxes and select options on the left until the address appears the way you want it to.
Note that you can use Match Fields to correct any problems. Clicking Match Fields opens up the Match Fields dialog box, in which you can associate the fields from your list with the fields required by the wizard.
Press Enter on your keyboard and click Greeting line… to enter a greeting.
In the Insert Greeting Line dialog box, choose the greeting line format by clicking the drop-down arrows and selecting the options of your choice, and then click OK.
Note that the address block and greeting line are surrounded by chevrons (« »). Write a short letter and click Next: Preview your letters.
CHAPTER– 1 [GETTING STARTED WITH C]
What is C?
History of C
What is programming language?
A programming language is a computer language programmers use to develop applications, scripts, or other set of instructions for a computer to execute. Below is a listing of several different programming languages and scripting languages currently listed in our database.
Application and program development involves programs you work on a daily bases. For example, the Internet browser you are using to view this web page is considered a program. If you are interested in writing your own programs you should consider the below languages.
Artificial Intelligence or related fields could involve anything from creating the character interactions in computer games, portions of programs that make the decisions in programs, chatbots, or any other related programs. If you’re interested in writing your own AI you should consider the below languages.
Database developers create and maintain databases. If you’re interested in creating your own database or maintaining other databases you should consider any of the below languages.
Game development involves the development of computer games or other entertainment software. If you’re interested in writing your own games you should consider the below languages.
Computer drivers and programming hardware interface support is a necessity for computers to operate with the hardware; without it your computer wouldn’t work. If you’re interested in writing your own drivers or software interfaces for hardware devices you should consider the below languages.
The Internet and web page development is the essence of the Internet, without developers we would have no Internet. If you’re interested in creating your own web pages, developing Internet applications, or Internet related tasks, you should consider the below languages.
Although not likely to be a career, knowing how to create and develop scripts to increase your productivity or your company’s can save you countless hours. If you’re interested in developing your own scripts you should consider the below languages.
What is program and programmer?
A program is like a recipe. It contains a list of ingredients (called variables) and a list of directions (called statements) that tell the computer what to do with the variables. The variables can represent numeric data, text, or graphical images.
In simple words we can say the set of instruction written in a programming language is known as a Program and a person engaged in the activity of program or programming is called a Programmer.
What are the types of Language?
A programming language is an artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs that control the behavior of a machine and/or to express algorithms precisely.
There are two types of programming language:
What is Low label language?
In computer science, a low-level programming language is a programming language that provides little or no abstraction from a computer’s instruction set architecture. Generally this refers to either Machine Code or Assembly Language.
The word “low” refers to the small or nonexistent amount of abstraction between the language and machine language; because of this, low-level languages are sometimes described as being “close to the hardware.”
Machine code is the only language a microprocessor can process directly without a previous transformation. Currently, programmers almost never write programs directly in machine code, because it requires attention to numerous details which a high-level language would handle automatically, and also requires memorizing or looking up numerical codes for every instruction that is used.
Assembly language is not considered a programming language as it has no semantics and no specification, being only a mapping of human readable tokens to op codes. The human readable tokens are assembled directly into machine code on a, usually, one to one basis. The assembly code can also be abstracted to another layer in a similar manner as machine code is abstracted into assembly code.
What is High label language?
A programming language such as C, FORTRAN, or Pascal that enables a programmer to write programs that are less independent of a particular type of computer. Such languages are considered high-level because they are closer to human languages.
The main advantage of high-level languages over low-level languages is that they are easier to read, write, and maintain. Ultimately, programs written in a high-level language must be translated into machine language by a compiler or interpreter.
The high label language is categorized into following types.
Principal and Technique of Programming
The principles of good programming are closely related to principles of good design and engineering. The programmer should follow the following stapes for good programming.
Characteristics of good Program
Programming style consists of three important qualities:
Readability
Portability
Maintainability
Programming Tools
Programming tools defines that the process to solve a problem. This section is only to understand the program to write the programming code in any programming language. Fallowing are three tools for the C language program.
————————
What is Algorithm?
A set of instruction which describes the steps to be followed to carry out an activity is called an algorithm or procedure for solving a problem. If the algorithm is written in the computer’s programming language then such a set of instruction is called a program.
We can view an algorithm as a way to solve a problem or in other words, as a set of direction, that tell us exactly how to go about for getting the desired result.
In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm is a finite sequence of well-defined, computer-implementable instructions, typically to solve a class of problems or to perform a computation.
In simple words we can say an algorithm is a set of step-by-step procedures, or a set of rules to follow, for completing a specific task or solving a particular problem
Example:
We can use following steps or actions to reach the office by 10 AM.
Action:
Definition of algorithms
We can define an algorithm as an order sequence of well-defined and effective operation that, when executed, will always produce the desired result and terminate in a finite amount of time.
An algorithm must always one clearly understood starting point and one or more clearly understood ending points. The starting point should START and ending point should STOP.
What is Flow Chart?
A flowchart is a graphical representation of the sequence of operations in an information system or program. Program flowcharts show the sequence of instructions in a single program or subroutine. Since a flowchart shows the flow of operations in pictorial form, any error in the logic of the procedure can be detected easily.
Flow Chart Symbols
A processing symbol is used in a flowchart to represent arithmetic and data movement instructions.
Flow lines with arrowheads are used to indicate the flow of operation, that is, the exact sequence in which the instructions are to be executed.
The decision symbol is used in a flowchart to indicate a point at which a decision has to be made and a branch to one of two or more alternative points is possible.
Terminal (Begin / End)
This symbol is used to start or end a flowchart.
Input / Output
This symbol is used to denote any kind of input or output.
Connector
If a flowchart becomes very long, the flow lines start crisscrossing at many places that causes confusion and reduces the clarity of the flowchart.
Rules for Writing Flowcharts
Question for algorithms and flow chart
Pseudocode (pronounced SOO-doh-kohd) is an outline of a program written in a form that can easily be converted into real programming statements. Pseudocode is an artificial programming language that allows computer programmers to develop logic before executing a particular code. It can be defined as the blueprint of a code, which details a step of actions (or the procedure) and the order in which the steps are to be executed.
Pseudocode is a type of structured English that defines program algorithms. It allows programs to focus on algorithms core logic before setting it in formal programming syntax. Pseudocde is not executable on a computer. Instead, it helps a programmer design code before its actual implementation.
The main purpose of pseudocode is to describe clearly what a code (or program) is supposed to do. It breaks down a code into steps and highlights their sequence of action. Pseudocode allows coders and programmers to dry-run a code to check for errors and inconsistencies before writing it in a programming language.
The main purpose of pseudocode is to describe clearly what a code (or program) is supposed to do. It breaks down a code into steps and highlights their sequence of action. Pseudocode allows coders and programmers to dry-run a code to check for errors and inconsistencies before writing it in a programming language.
Pseudocode is composed of sentences, clauses and words. It follows a structured pattern, with statements written in a sequential order. Pseudocode uses selection statements (if, then and if, then, else), and the initial keyword in each statement needs to be capitalized. It requires one statement per sentence, which need to be indented to show code hierarchy.
M = 10
N = 5
(where M and N are variables)
IF (M >= N) Then
Statement 1
Else
Statement 2
END IF
Statement 3
According to this example, the condition of M>=N is true (since M is 10 and N is 5), and statement 1 will be executed. The execution of statement 3 follows that.
